Evolution of Dinosaurs to Modern Animals

Dinosaurs didnt spring suddenly into existence two hundred million years ago, huge, toothy, and hungry for grub. Like all living things, they evolved, slowly and gradually, according to the rules of Darwinian selection and adaptation, from previously existing creatures—in this case, a family of primitive reptiles known as archosaurs (ruling lizards). On the face of it, archosaurs werent all that different from the dinosaurs that succeeded them. However, these Triassic reptiles were much smaller than later dinosaurs, and they possessed certain characteristic features that set them apart from their more famous descendants (most notably, the lack of a locked-in posture for their front and hind limbs). Paleontologists may even have identified the single genus of archosaur from which all dinosaurs evolved: Lagosuchus (Greek for rabbit crocodile), a quick, tiny reptile that scurried across the forests of early Triassic South America, and that sometimes goes by the name Marasuchus. Evolution During the Triassic Period Confusing matters somewhat, the archosaurs of the middle to late Triassic period didnt only give rise to dinosaurs. Isolated populations of these ruling reptiles also spawned the very first pterosaurs and crocodiles. For as much as 20 million years, in fact, the part of the Pangean supercontinent corresponding to modern-day South America was thick with two-legged archosaurs, two-legged dinosaurs, and even two-legged crocodiles—and even  experienced paleontologists sometimes have trouble distinguishing between the fossil specimens of these three families! Experts are unsure whether the archosaurs from which the dinosaurs descended coexisted with the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) of the late Permian period, or whether they appeared on the scene after the Permian/Triassic Extinction Event 250 million years ago, a geologic upheaval that killed about three-quarters of all land-dwelling animals on earth. From the perspective of dinosaur evolution, though, this may be a distinction without a difference. Whats clear is that dinosaurs gained the upper hand by the start of the Jurassic period.  (By the way, you may be surprised to learn that therapsids spawned the first mammals around the same time, the late Triassic period, as archosaurs spawned the first dinosaurs.) The First Dinosaurs Once you climb your way out of late Triassic South America, the path of dinosaur evolution comes into much sharper focus, as the very first dinosaurs slowly radiated into the sauropods, tyrannosaurs, and raptors we all know and love today. The best current candidate for the first true dinosaur is the South American Eoraptor, a nimble, two-legged meat-eater akin to the slightly later Coelophysis of North America. Eoraptor and its ilk survived by eating the smaller crocodiles, archosaurs, and proto-mammals of its lush forest environment, and may have hunted by night. The next important event in dinosaur evolution, after the appearance of Eoraptor, was the split between saurischian (lizard-hipped) and ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs, which transpired just before the start of the Jurassic period. The first ornithischian dinosaur (a good candidate is Pisanosaurus) was the direct descendant of the vast bulk of the plant-eating dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, including ceratopsians, hadrosaurs, and ornithopods. Saurischians, meanwhile, split into two main families: theropods (the meat-eating dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurs and raptors) and prosauropods (the slender, bipedal, plant-eating dinosaurs that later evolved into gigantic sauropods and titanosaurs). A good candidate for the first prosauropod, or sauropodomorph, is Panphagia, the name of which is Greek for eats everything. Ongoing Dinosaur Evolution Once these major dinosaur families were established, around the start of the Jurassic period, evolution continued to take its natural course. But according to recent research, the pace of dinosaur adaptation  slowed down drastically during the later Cretaceous period, when dinosaurs were more rigidly locked into existing families and their rates of speciation and diversification slowed. The corresponding lack of diversity may have made dinosaurs ripe pickings for the K/T Extinction Event  when a meteor impact decimated planetary food supplies. Ironically, just the way the Permian/Triassic Extinction Event paved the way for the rise of dinosaurs, the K/T Extinction cleared the way for the rise of mammals—which had existed alongside the dinosaurs all along, in small, quivering, mouse-like packages.

Cyber World Charms and Challenges - 1500 Words

Kumar Adarsh Charms and challenges of Cyberworld Introduction The cyber world is the hot topic of discussion. With the advancement of the science and technology, human race are trying to excel their proficiency to compete the creations of the nature. Cyber world is definitely the first step towards the same path. The Internet is something that mankind feels to be an essential part of the life. We are living an era where life would nearly come to a standstill without the use of this technology. We have got into the trap of this cyber world, for which we have created the entrance, but now trapped into the maze to search for the exit. Era of Computers and Internet ar Ad ar sh The present era of Computers, laptop, androids, Internet etc.†¦show more content†¦The bill payments and ticket-booking doesn’t take a tedious ride to the centres anymore. The same task can be accomplished sitting at home in much less time. †¢ E-books and e-library Book lovers have a wide range of collection. Many sites provide free reading samples as well. People can also purchase the book that they desire. We can also gather plenty books into our elibrary without accumulating the physical books into our book shelves. †¢ Communication and Interaction – world come closer This is a boon for those who work abroad leaving their family back in their home-land. And those parents who have got their daughter married far by, can have video interactions. This technology has definitely made hearts closer and the affection has increased. †¢ Game Zone Children and even the adults could find many fascinating games that could be downloaded any time through the Internet. This game zone provides a wide range of collection of games and people can choose as per their preference. Kumar Adarsh †¢ News and publicity The news through the Internet spreads much faster than any physical paper. Gone are the days when people used to buy newspapers. Everything is now just a click away. People get the news from time-to-time. The publicity of any matter could be done in much speedy manner to the large masses through the Internet than any other mode.Show MoreRelatedHow Have Memes Evolved And Why Do They Go Viral?1197 Words   |  5 Pageson a five by five grid, which contains words that can be read left to right or right to left, upwards or downwards, by following rows are columns, or by reading forwards or backwards. This square is still today used on amulets, talismans or even on charms to ward away evil. The Sator Square even dates back to AD 79 in the ruins of Pompeii. People believe that it was created by Jewish people, but it was originally thought to be created by Christians in the AD Third to Fifth Centuries. This is consideredRead MoreCrime Trends And The Consumption Of Crime1799 Words   |   8 Pagescrime sells . The media feature particular crimes without information regarding statistics or other characteristics, thus contributing to public fear of crime and misconceptions about the frequency of crime in order to sell crime stories. In the news world, criminal cases tend to be consumed more avidly than other types of news because of their natural newsworthiness. When a horrific crime occurs every medium available is used by the media to sell the story . The internet, radios, TV, and magazines areRead MoreDota Research Paper3274 Words   |  14 Pagesdeveloped game. The latest games swept less new ones off the shelves of gamers. This was the case for almost all game genres especially with strategy games. However, a few strategy games developed by Blizzard Entertainment never seemed to lose their charm, in fact, they continually kept growing even more popular. One such game by Blizzard Entertainment is Warcraft III: Dota. Dota stands for Defense of the Ancients. 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Can Hybrid Cars Reduce the Dependency on Fossil Fuels Free Essays

Can Hybrid Cars Reduce The Dependency On Fossil Fuels? I am going to talk about hybrid cars and can they reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The hybrid cars manufactures that I’m going to use is Toyota, Honda Can hybrid cars reduce the dependency on fossil fuels? Hybrid cars can reduce the dependency of fossil fuels because it would stand between the consuming world and its gas guzzling cars by replacing them with fuel efficient hybrid cars. Hybrid cars have lower level of gasoline consumption, therefore environmentally friendly causing less pollution then gasoline- powered cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Hybrid Cars Reduce the Dependency on Fossil Fuels or any similar topic only for you Order Now They beat electric cars by a long run which gives about 50 – 100 miles in-between    battery charges that require many hours to fully charge up. Even then electric cars made it possible to have development towards hybrid cars. Toyota Prius was the first passenger car with hybrid technology which was brought forth in Japan in 1997. Toyota and Honda introduced hybrid cars to the American markets in the beginning of 1999. Hybrid car are a combination of gasoline and electric powered car. Hybrid cars consist of a internal combustion engine that is small and fuel efficient. The hybrid cars internal combustion engine is assisted by the electric motor when the car is accelerating. The electric motor is generated by rechargeable batteries that automatically recharges when the car is being driven. The Toyota and Honda hybrids work and operate in a similar manner. The engine for gasoline    is smaller then the regular conventional cars. Essentially Toyota and Honda hybrids fellow the same concepts as most hybrids, It receives backup energy from the electric motor gets energy that the motor needs to help the engine when accelerating there for not consuming a large quantity of gasoline. However the Toyota and Honda hybrids also have a different source of generating energy. When the driver hits his or her breaks the kinetic energy created by the heat and friction of the break is claimed by the electric motor and stored in the batteries. Then it comes to transmissions most hybrids and conventional cars are alike. However the Prius has an additional generator and a circle gear complex to make a controlled, yet continues variable transmission, taking away the need for any conventional manual or automatic transmission which use up unnecessary amount of energy that go to waste. The early hybrid gave about fifty to sixty miles per gallon. The exhaust pollution was almost eliminated and also the acceleration of the hybrids were far bettered then the non-hybrid cars. By 2008 almost all car manufactures offered hybrid model cars along with a few sports hybrid cars. Many of the sports hybrid cars however did not give as much mileage and more expensive then the conventional cars. The federal government offers a good amount of tax credits to purchaser of hybrid cars. The key to the future of hybrid–car development lies in battery technology. The early hybrids resembled the old conventional electrical system that ran with lead-acid batteries. These lead-acid batteries were bulky and carried a heavy weight and were a major factor in holding back the development of hybrid and electric cars. Most of the current hybrids contain nickel metal hydride batteries, which are smaller, lighter, and more powerful. However the cost is a big factor in this development. Nonetheless most car manufacturers are focusing on lithium-ion batteries. The way to using lithium-ion batteries on hybrid cars has opened up promise the development to a generation of new hybrid vehicles. This development of lithium-ion batteries on hybrid cars allows the capability of the cars to be plug in hybrids. The car will have extended distance without the help of their gasoline engine. This development has made hybrid cars more affordable. In the big picture if our country in whole used more hybrid cars in our day to day life it would be just that much less gasoline we would not me using. If there if do get a hybrid car in the long run you a creating a clean friendly environment and saving less trips to the gas pumps, which mean more money in your pockets. Who doesn’t want that with all the rising high gas prices and our economic condition? We need to put more hybrid cars on the road so we are use less gas and better our economy as a whole. How to cite Can Hybrid Cars Reduce the Dependency on Fossil Fuels, Papers

Business Model Idea for Business Market - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Model Ideafor Business Market. Answer: Introduction Starting up business has become a latest trend among the youth. Everyone wants to do something on their own rather than doing jobs in other companies. Australian business market has observed huge growth in online retail sector in the past 2 years. Statistics shows that 80% of the Australian internet users have made online purchase last year. The demand of online retail store has grown huge in the recent years. So it is definitely a great business idea to start an online retail store. It is also to be noted that more than 75% of Australian household have access to internet (Sohaib Kang, 2014). Most importantly the busy daily life schedule has made it extremely difficult for the people to find some time for some shopping for near and dear ones. Online shopping gives those people the perfect opportunity to buy their desired product without spending any extra time in store. The most essential business components that the business idea needs are Revenue Model This model is basically related to the strategies and process that the company will apply in order to generate revenues from the market. It completely depends on what are the products that the online retail store will sell and how the customer will accept the products. It is all about the positioning, value propositioning. As opined by Verma, et al. (2016), every business should be unique and innovative. The business has to be designed in that way. Suppose anyone wants to open an online retail store then they have to make sure that whatever service or product they are selling has to be of top quality. People should provide positive feedback for the product. This is the only way through which the business can bloom. All these components are extremely essential for the success of the business. Gross Margin Components This is the most important components as it is of no use for starting a business if the owner does not have any idea of how much profit the business will make. This is extremely crucial for the company. The online retail markets have a huge demand in the market. So the pricing factor is very essential in order to draw more and more customers. Porters cost leadership strategy is a very good example for this. The more discount the company will give the more profit will get generated by the company. But in all these it has to be made sure that the companies do not face any kind of loss. Operating Components The maintenance of website, shipping cost, tie up with some online retail market leaders and maintaining a SEO team is some of the most basic start up expenses for any online retail company. Every company has to ensure that the payment gateway is authentic and secure so that money transactions can be done properly. All these are main operating costs. The company has to make sure that all these are properly maintained so the employees working gets satisfied with whatever the salary that they are receiving. Financial Components Majority of the startup business gets doomed due to lack of capital. For starting up a business one has to make sure that they are backed up with their proper fundraiser. Fundraiser can be any banks providing loans. Without the help of external resources it is impossible for any start up business to flourish (Verma, Sharma Sheth, 2016). Security Components Online stores have become hugely popular in the market in the recent times. Still some section of the populations gets panicked and afraid while spending money due to security issue. They feel that the company might steal their money and their account can also get hacked. This is why the paypal system has the transaction procedure has to be proper so that such misconception can easily be avoided. The more people will get comfortable in paying the money the more sell will (Shrier, Canale Pentland, 2016). . Conclusion In this report online retailing has been selected as the business idea due to its huge success in Australia and also all over the world. The more the days are passing the demand for such online services are also getting increased. Now for every business a proper revenue model has to be followed and along with that revenue model some of the major business components has to be taken care off without which a business can never become successful. This report suggests that in the current marketing scenario Online shopping is definitely one of the great business ideas. Reference List Shrier, D., Canale, G., Pentland, A. (2016). Mobile money payments: Technology trends. Sohaib, O., Kang, K. (2014). Cultural aspects of business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce: a comparative analysis of Pakistan and Australia.The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries,61. van Loon, P., Deketele, L., Dewaele, J., McKinnon, A., Rutherford, C. (2015). A comparative analysis of carbon emissions from online retailing of fast moving consumer goods.Journal of Cleaner Production,106, 478-486. Verma, V., Sharma, D., Sheth, J. (2016). Does relationship marketing matter in online retailing? A meta-analytic approach.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(2), 206-217.